Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ( Ph ) - 1257 Words

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) belong to group 1 in the classification of Pulmonary Hypertension (PH). It is a chronic progressive disease caused by narrowing of the minor pulmonary arteries due to vascular proliferation and remodeling. Figure 1: Changes occur in blood vessels in PAH. The estimated prevalence for PAH is 15-50 cases per million although it is a rare disease. The female to male ratio is 1.7:1 with higher prevalence between 30-40 years old. To date there are 52 cases per million population of Scotland diagnosed with PAH. (1) The current treatments available for PAH are prostaglandin (PG), calcium channel blocker (CCB), Endothelin Receptor Antagonist (ERA), and Phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitors (PDE-5-I). The need for new drug therapy is due to the drawbacks of the current treatment as shown in the tables below. (3) This has led to the development of Opsumit (Macitentan), a new drug therapy for PAH. Table 1: Drawbacks of using Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) in PAH Calcium Channel Blocker (Nifedipine, Diltiazem) The proportion of patient benefited from this drug is too little.(2) Table 2: Drawbacks of using Prostaglandins (PGs) in PAH Epoprostenol I.V Iloprost nebulized Treprostinil S.C - Inconvenience administration through IV route which requires hospitalization - Unpresentable body image - Administration of the drug might be associated with high risk of infection (need to be given through continuous I.V infusion due to short half-life)Show MoreRelatedThe Heart Is A Hollow, Muscular Organ Of The Middle Mediastinum Orientated Obliquely961 Words   |  4 Pagesgrooves indicate these divisions: the atria are separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus (the atrioventricular groove) with a hiatus anteriorly at the root of the pulmonary artery (PA). 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The right ventricle of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the pulmonary artery and to the lungs so it can be oxygenated while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated b lood to the tissuesRead MoreHigh Altitude Is Defined As An Elevation Of 1500-3500 Metres1391 Words   |  6 Pagespressure of carbon dioxide, that results in respiratory alkalosis. The body response to respiratory alkalosis by decreasing ventilation, and activating renal compensation by secreting bicarbonate and reabsorbing hydrogen, which gradually brings the blood PH back to normal and allowing an increase in ventilation. The body’s acute hypoxic ventilatory response resulting is renal compensation can take approximately four days before any significant change takes place. In addition to changes in ventilation,Read MoreIncreased Altitude : Adverse Effects On The Cardiopulmonary System1620 Words   |  7 Pagespressure of carbon dioxide, that results in respiratory alkalosis. 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Decreases in pulmonary vasoconstriction through decreases alveolar oxygen tension, as well as increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure, are seen at this high altitude. †¢ At higher altitudes respiration rate is increased which leads to increases in ventilation (possibly a five-fold increase from sea level). Chemoreceptors in the arterial blood vessels are stimulated to signal the brain to